Journal of Kerbala for Agricultural Sciences

A field experiment was conducted in Dhi-Qar Governorate during winter season 2015-2016 to study genetic and phenotypic variation and genetic, phenotypic and environmental correlations, broad sense heritability and path coefficient for nine traits: plant height (PH), flag leaf area (FLA), tiller number (TN), spike number (SN), spike length (SL), grain number in spike (GN/S), 1000 grain weight (GW), biological weight (BW), grain yield (GY) in three wheat varieties: Aab’a99, Barcelona and Boro. The results showed that the values of phenotypic variance coefficient were close to those of genotypic variance coefficient for most traits: PH, TN, SN, GW, FLA, BW and GY. Thus the genotype can be studied through phenotypic data, and such traits can be considered as selection criteria in wheat breeding. The highest ratios of broad sense heritability were for PH, TN, FLA, BW and GY (0.83, 0.8, o.87, 0.86, 0.82 and0.95) respectively. Phenotypic correlation coefficients of all studied traits were positive and significant and generally were lower than genetic correlation coefficients. This indicates that variations among varieties were largely of genetic origin despite the existence of low environmental effect. Genetic correlations of GY in SN and GN/S traits were positive and the highest (0.941, 0.902) respectively. The highest direct effects on grain yield were of SN and FLA (1.283, 0.993) respectively. Therefore, Path coefficient analysis reveals that the direct selection of these two traits will be helpful in breeding programs for improving grain yield in wheat crop.

 An experiment was conducted in the collage of Agriculture ,University of kufa , during the growing season of 20016-2017 to study the effects of irrigation with magnetized water(MW) at density level of 1600 gauss, the fungus Aspergillus and the herbicide Granstar (at 50% and 100% of the recommended dose) on wheat growth parameters and yield. Results showed that Aspergillus spp interacted with MW  significantly resulted in the highest values of NPK content and yield compared to the lowest values from the Granstar and weedy control treatments with and without MW, respectively. On the other hand, irrigation with MW always resulted in higher values of tested parameters than that those irrigated with regular water, all treatments interacted with MW had better and higher effects compared to of those interacted with regular water. The study showed that using the bio-controlling agent Aspergillius spp decreased weed and increased wheat growth. and using magnetized water is useful for better growth parameters and yield in wheat fields. 

 Field experiment at the agricultural research directorate / Ministry of science and technology was conducted using CRD design with different combinations of biofertilizers  of Rhizobium spp. and Azospirillum brasilense  with 50 of chemical fertilizers for wheat to reduce chemical fertilization which are costly and create environmental proplems. Four treatments of the combinations of bacteria and treatment of control )100% chemical fertilization( were used.
 
        Results showed that the best treatment of biofertilizer was the combination of Azospirillum brasilense and Rhizobium leguminosarum RL2 ( Az. + RL2 ) recorded plant height ( 90.6 cm ) spike no.( 362.6 / m² ) comparing with control treatment ( 100 % chemical fertilization ) which gave  87.8 cm and 357.1 /m² respectively .In the same manner yield results showed that the same treatment improved yield to 4.42 ton .hr-1 comparing with control which gave 4.34 ton. hr-1. 
 
Results showed also that the combination of Az.+RL2 was the best treatment for enhancing wheat quality parameters recorded such as protein 12.84 % , ash 0.67% and dry glutein 9.44 % in comparison with the control ( 100% chemical fertilization)  which were 11.76 % , 0.52 % ,9.39 % respectvelly.

A field experiment was conducted during  2012 – 2013 winter seasons at the Experimental Farm , Dep. of Field Crop, College of Agriculture University of Baghdad  to study effect of  Bilirubin on some growth , yield and quality of wheat traits var Abu – Ghraib – 3, in  RCBD with three replicate , the experiment  involved seven  treatment :control, seed soaking with 0.25,0.50 and 1ml L-1 concentration , shoot spraying foliar with 0.25, 0.50 , and 1ml L-1 concentration in tillering and flowering stages .The results show that soaking treatment with 1ml L-1 concentration was superior on most of growth , yield ( plant high ,flag leaf area ,number of tillers ,biological yield ,number of grains,grain1000 weight ,grain yield and increasing ( 1.08, 2.45 , 47.5, 35.13, 22.78 , 0.57, 28.32 ) % contrast with control treatment respectively , while foliar treatment with 0.25ml L-1 on number of spike ,protein and gluten ratio was 730.0 spike m-2 ,12.44% and 32.15%  contrast with control treatment which gave 495.0 spike m-2 , 9.87% and 28.13 %

    As the field experiment designed to study the replacement of wheat fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Iraqi probiotic and rumen liquor with urea partially or completely replace corn in diets on the productive performance of broiler chickens as well as digest it conducted a second test after the end of the second field experiment. In this experiment, A 450 chicks were used and distributed over 10 treatments each with three replicates (15 chicks for replicate) treatments are: T1 and T2 partial and complete replacing of wheat without urea instead of corn, respectively (controls); T3 and T4 partial and complete replacing of wheat with urea instead of corn, respectively (controls); T5 and T6 partial and complete replacing of wheat fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae with urea instead of corn, respectively; T7 and T8  partial and complete replacing of wheat fermented by Iraqi probiotic with urea instead of corn, respectively; T9 and T10 partial and complete  replacing of wheat fermented by rumen liquor with urea instead of corn, respectively. The current studies included the following results: The results showed that there were significant increases in final live body weight, total weight gain of T5, and accumulative feed intake for the T6 group, while T10 recorded the best conversion ratio, also T9 and T10 recorded the best economic figure.

A Field experiment was carried out during the winter season of 2015-2016 at Al-Miqdadiyah-Diyala province to study effect of salicylic acid in growth and yield of wheat (Adna 99 cultivar) under drought conditions. Arandomized complete block design by Split Plot arrangement was used with three replications. The main plots included three levels of drought stress 50%, 75% and 100% from the recommended water. The sub plots included four concentrations of salicylic acid applied 0, 100, 200, and 300 part per million. The results showed that all the studied characteristics of growth, yield and yield components were significantly reduced by increasing drought levels. Plant height, number of tillers, flag leaf area, dry weight of plants, number of spikes number of grain per spike, weight of 1000 grain, Grain yield, biological yield and harvest index were decreased. Lowest values recorded by 50% from recommended water. While 100% from recommended water recorded highest values 82.89cm, 610.6 tiller.m-2, 41.07cm, 1280.9 gm.m-2 , 521.7spike.m-2 , 49.31grain .spike-1 , 33.24 gm, 8.52 ton . h-1 , 24.35 ton . h-1 and 35.02% respectively. Salicylic acid improved all of studied characteristics except number of spikes. The concentration 100 part per million was the best concentration, which recorded 80.35 cm, 571.13 tiller.m-2, 39.63cm2, 1207.7gm.m-2 ,45.81 grain.spike-1 , 33.90 gm,7.58 ton .h-1 , 22.18ton .h-1 and  33.99% , respectively. It was concluded that drought stress reduced growth and grain yield. Salicylic acid improved growth of plants and caused increasing in grain yield with and without drought conditions.   

A factorial experiment was carried out at the laboratory of the Department of Field Crop in the College of Agriculture-University of Baghdad, during spring season 2014. Randomized complete block design was used with four replications, to enhance Wheat Triticum aestivum L. seeds to Salt tolerance at concentrations (0.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0 and 12.0 %) by soaking seeds with Yeast Extract Saccharomyces cerevisiae at concentrations(0, 2, 4, 8 and 12g.l-1) . Sodium Hypochlorite (1%) was used to Sterilize seeds for three minute, and washing with sterile water, soaking with Yeast Extract for 24 hour. Ten seeds of wheat sown in Petri dish 9cm diameter, on filter paper and Watered With different salinity levels with 5ml daily until the end of the experiment. Results showed that the salinity levels 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% significantly decreasing first germination count percentage, final germination count percentage, coleoptile and root length, fresh and dry weights. However salinity level 2% prevented germination. Yeast significantly increased plant efficiency to salt tolerance in the first germination count, coleoptile and root lengths, fresh and dry weights. The high level 8 g.l-1 of yeast significantly increased all studied characters except coleoptile length which had been increased by the highest level (12g.l-1). The most interactions appeared to be significant. We can conclude that the yeast shown an ability to increase the indicator of germination values of wheat seedlings under the salinity 1.5% of NaCl or in the absence of the salinity.

Experiment was carried out in poultry farm of o the Department of Animal resources, Faculty of Agriculture at University of Kufa during the period from 8/13/2014 to 9/17/2014, to investigate the effect of wheat fermented by S. cerevisiae, Iraqi probiotic and rumen liquor instead of corn on some blood parameters. A total of 360 unsexed one-day broiler chicks (Ross-308) were randomly distributed into eight equal treatments in three replicates  (15 chicks/replicate). The treatments were: T1 and T2 controls  with and without antibiotic, respectively; T3 and T4  partial and complete  replacing of wheat fermented by S. cerevisiae in steady of corn; T5 and T6  partial and complete  replacing of wheat fermented by Iraqi probiotic in steady of corn; T7 and T8  partial and complete  replacing of wheat fermented by rumen liquor in steady of corn. The results indicated that replacing partial and complete wheat fermented by S. cerevisiae, Iraqi probiotic and rumen liquor were significantly (P<0.05) in hemoglobin, red blood cells, serum phosphorus, calcium, glucose and total protein. Significant increase (P<0.05) in these parameters in T8 as compared with other. All treated treatments showed a significant (P<0.05) decrease in cholesterol level as compared with control treatments.